Articles

The Prophet's Migration and the Civilizational Foundations of the Muslim Nation
Author : Dr. Mohammad Al-Khalayleh
Date Added : 06-03-2024

The Prophet's Migration and the Civilizational Foundations of the Muslim Nation

 

 

All perfect praise be to Allah the Lord of the Worlds. May His peace and blessings be upon our Prophet Mohammad and upon all his family and companions.

 

The Prophet, peace be upon him, came with a religion that calls for the guidance, righteousness, and happiness for the people in this world and the Hereafter. Accordingly, achieving these goals requires living in a civilized, righteous and secure environment. This is what the Prophet, peace be upon him, sought to achieve from the very beginning of his mission, which was based on one of the most important pillars of civilization: knowledge. The first verse revealed to the Prophet, peace be upon him, was: "Read in the name of your Lord who created" (Al-Alaq: 1).

 

Within the framework of this great principle: "Read," from which the Prophet, peace be upon him, embarked on his mission, he began teaching people the religion of Allah the Almighty and spreading goodness, truth, and knowledge. This is to establish a society that rests on the foundations of human civilization: land, people, knowledge, values, ethics, worship, and spreading brotherhood and love among its members. A strong society capable of withstanding the challenges and crises it faces. A society that fulfills the divine will for this nation to be a pioneering leader through the message it carries in spreading goodness, love, and peace among nations.

 

The Prophet, peace be upon him, remained in Mecca calling people to this great religion for thirteen years. During these years, he endured pain, harm, and persecution. After that, he arrived at the conclusion that Mecca was not suitable for establishing this religion, as deviant and misguided ideas had prevailed over the years. Thus, the Prophet, peace be upon him, began searching for a new land suitable for building a civilized homeland where Islam could flourish and thrive. Eventually, Medina became that blessed land that welcomed the Prophet, peace be upon him, and embraced the great idea that changed not only the course of the Arab but also the human history altogether. Indeed, the Prophet, peace be upon him, changed hearts and minds, illuminating the lamp of intellect and rectifying souls. Among the emigrants (Muhajirun) and supporters (Ansar), only the physical forms remained, as the Prophet, peace be upon him, engaged in the craft of molding humanity and thereby shaping life itself.

 

The Prophet, peace be upon him, migrated to fulfill the concept of Istikhlaf (succession or vicegerency) on Earth and to achieve worship in its comprehensive and inclusive sense, encompassing all aspects of life. Islam came to craft life, preserve it, and nurture it, not to bring about death, fear, and corruption on the earth. Thus, we understand the meaning of worship in the verse: "And I did not create the jinn and mankind except to worship Me" (Adh-Dhariyat: 56) within the general framework of this verse, and in Allah's saying: "Indeed, I will make upon the earth a successive authority" (Al-Baqarah: 30). The meaning of worship that Allah intended is realized through fulfilling the trust of Istikhlaf and performing it faithfully. This is what the Prophet, peace be upon him, intended through his concern for human culture, advancement, and the enhancement of their actual and creative capabilities to elevate society to the highest levels of civilization and progress.

 

 

The migration teaches us that life is managed through careful planning, balanced principles, and steadfast foundations upon which a strong society rises. There is no improvisation, confusion, or randomness. It also teaches us how divine decree aligns with human commitment and preparation to achieve the will of Allah Almighty and that success has causes, specifications, characteristics, messages, and tools. Among the most important factors, after relying on Allah, is meticulous planning and taking the necessary steps towards success, equipping oneself with the tools and means that lead to safety. This is evident in the meticulous planning of the Prophet's migration and taking material means while relying on Allah the Almighty. Who would say that a man escaping from a team of assassins waiting for him in a humble room or emerging from a small cave surrounded by armed men is victorious? This victory stems from the belief that "Allah is with us." This belief is based on obedience to Allah, sincerity to Him, and taking material means. It's a divine support present in every time and place for those who follow the prophetic method, the method of the prophets in victory and empowerment. The Messenger of Allah, Mohammad, peace be upon him, said in the cave, "Allah is with us," and Moses, peace be upon him, said before the sea, "No! Indeed, with me is my Lord; He will guide me."

 

After the migration and the establishment of the state, the Prophet, peace be upon him, did not change the attire, appearances, or customs and traditions of the people of Medina except for what explicitly contradicted the rulings of the religion. Instead, he changed minds and souls to ascend to the heights of purity, creativity, and progress.

 

The Prophet, peace be upon him, established a methodology in building nations and civilizations, and it was based on three fundamental pillars:

 

First: The construction of mosques to connect the nation with its creed and religion, and to teach the concept of worship in its broadest sense. This serves as a starting point for a civilizational radiance, spreading Islamic values and human ethics to the entire world. Mosques become centers where men, scholars, and thinkers emerge. The Prophet's Mosque, peace be upon him, was the place of worship, congregation, and education, where men were nurtured. As Allah says: "Men whom neither commerce nor sale distracts from the remembrance of Allah and performance of prayer" (An-Nur: 37).

 

Second: The Constitution of Medina, which served as a covenant establishing the greatness of Islam in dealing with people based on coexistence among the members of society, regardless of their religion, race, or culture. In the state, it brought people together based on good citizenship, founded on the principle of equality in rights and duties without regard to religious, racial, sectarian, or any other affiliations. This historic document was the first constitution of a civil state in the world, outlining the features of the new state through the cooperation of its citizens and mutual support without any threat to their society. It emphasized assistance and mutual advice, promoted the spirit of equality and justice, thus instilling in their hearts the love of their homeland and contributing to the advancement of society.

 

Third: The brotherhood between the Emigrants (Muhajirun) and the Helpers (Ansar). The fraternity among the members of one society has the greatest impact on the stability of the community, the spread of affection and mercy, and the dissemination of an atmosphere of closeness, love, and compassion. This atmosphere has borne the fruits of cultural advancement in Islamic society. Allah Almighty immortalized the incident of brotherhood in the Quran to serve as a witness to this important foundation of human civilization. Allah says {What means}: "And [also for] those who were settled in al-Madinah and [adopted] the faith before them. They love those who emigrated to them and find not any want in their breasts of what the emigrants were given but give [them] preference over themselves, even though they are in privation. And whoever is protected from the stinginess of his soul - it is those who will be the successful." (Al-Hashr: 9). The spread of the spirit of affection and love among the members of the community is one of the most important reasons for the progress, prosperity, and development of society. This is as confirmed by modern theories in the field of management, which see the spread of affection and teamwork as the most important factors for the success and prosperity of an institution.

 

It was not a coincidence that Umar ibn al-Khattab chose the day of the Hijra to mark the beginning of Islamic history. The Prophet's migration signaled the birth of a nation based on principles of justice, ethics, and good interaction with others on the basis of mutual coexistence. In our time, these valuable meanings of the Prophet's migration have been absent from our Islamic communities. The commemoration of the Prophet's migration is renewed year after year, yet the nation suffers from confusion in methodology and behavior. We have not yet been able to achieve the true meaning of the migration as the Prophet, peace be upon him, did. His migration was not merely a physical move from one place to another; rather, it was a profound transition from one state to another. It is incumbent upon the nation to emulate this in our contemporary reality.

 

 

The Prophet, peace be upon him, migrated to establish a new community in the midst of a vast cultural gap between the Arabs and others in various aspects of life. The greatest challenge was to catch up with and even surpass the procession of human civilization within the framework of the principles and values of this religion. He achieved what he sought, and the city became a center of global cultural radiance, through which Muslims transferred a global civilization that was acknowledged by enemies before friends. Today, we wake up to a huge gap between Muslims and others in various aspects of life, which requires us to carefully consider, contemplate, and use our intellects to plan for new meanings of migration. Through this, we can catch up with the human civilization that preceded us by centuries. This cannot be achieved by wishful thinking alone but requires precise planning, deep thinking, and taking practical steps while putting our trust in Allah the Almighty.

 

We ask Allah the Almighty to make the new Hijri year one of goodness and blessings for our blessed country and for the Dean of the Hashemite Family, His Majesty King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein, to grant him protection and good health.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Summarized Fatawaa

What is the best manner in distributing the meat of the Aqeeqah?

It is better to divide all of it as cooked meat amongst the poor and the needy. Dividing it into three portions is a Sunnah, but it is permissible to keep all of it provided that a portion, even a small one, is given to the poor and needy (one kilo for example).

What is the ruling on reciting aloud (*jahr*) in a silent (*sirriyyah*) prayer?

All praise is due to Allah, and peace and blessings be upon our master, the Messenger of Allah.
Reciting aloud (jahr) in the Fajr prayer, in the first two rakʿahs of Maghrib and ʿIshāʾ, and reciting silently (isrār) in the Dhuhr and ʿAṣr prayers is a sunnah. If the worshipper recites aloud where silence is prescribed, or the reverse, his prayer is valid, although it is better to follow the sunnah, in imitation of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). Abū Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: “In every prayer there is recitation. What the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) let us hear, we let you hear, and what he concealed from us, we conceal from you. If you add nothing to Umm al-Qurʾān (al-Fātiḥah), it suffices, and if you add to it, it is better.” Narrated by al-Bukhārī.
Shaykh al-Islām Imam al-Nawawī (may Allah have mercy on him) said in al-Majmūʿ (Vol.3/389): “The sunnah is to recite aloud in the two rakʿahs of Ṣubḥ (Fajr), Maghrib, and ʿIshāʾ, and in the Friday prayer, and to recite silently in Dhuhr, ʿAṣr, the third rakʿah of Maghrib, and the third and fourth of ʿIshāʾ. All of this is by the consensus of the Muslims, together with the mutually reinforcing authentic ḥadīths on the matter. This is the ruling for the imam. As for the individual worshipper (munfarid), it is sunnah for him to recite aloud according to us and according to the majority… If he recites aloud where silence is prescribed, or the reverse, his prayer is not invalidated, nor is there a prostration of forgetfulness (sujūd al-sahw) for it, but he has committed something disliked (makrūh).” And Allah Almighty knows best.

What is the ruling on one who vowed not to speak to a certain person, then forgot his vow and spoke to him?

 

All praise is due to Allah, and peace and blessings be upon our master, the Messenger of Allah.
Whoever swears an oath or makes a vow to abstain from something has a choice: if he wishes, he may keep to his vow, or if he wishes, he may offer the expiation of an oath (kaffārat yamīn). The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: “The expiation for a vow is the expiation for an oath.” Narrated by Muslim. This type of vow is called a nadhr al-lajāj (a vow made in stubbornness or anger).
If a person makes a vow and then forgets it, nothing is due from him, for forgetfulness is among the excuses that lift legal responsibility (taklīf) from a Muslim. This is based on the saying of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him): “Actions are judged only by intentions, and every person will have only what he intended.” [Narrated by al-Bukhārī]. There is no intention for the one who forgets or errs. It is also based on the report: “Indeed, Allah has pardoned for my Ummah mistakes, forgetfulness, and what they are compelled to do.” Narrated by Ibn Mājah and others, and graded authentic by Ibn Ḥibbān and al-Ḥākim.
It is stated in ʿUmdat al-Sālik (p. 243), one of the books of the Shāfiʿī school: “Whoever swears, [for example], ‘I will not enter the house,’ and then enters it forgetfully, ignorantly, under compulsion, or being carried, he does not break his oath.” And Allah Almighty knows best.

What is the ruling on offering a sheep as a sacrifice (Udhiyah) if its fat-tail is sound, except that when it was young, the tip of its fat-tail was cut so that it would grow larger? And what is the ruling in case of doubt regarding the amount that was cut?

 
In the Name of Allah, and may peace and blessings be upon our Master, the Messenger of Allah.
 
Cutting a minor, insignificant portion from the tip of an animal's fat-tail (al-alyah) to encourage it to grow larger is not considered a defect, and it does not prevent the animal from being valid for sacrifice (Udhiyah).
 
It is stated in Tuhfat al-Muhtaj (Vol.9/P.352): "There is some scholarly deliberation regarding the common practice of cutting the tip of the fat-tail so that it grows larger. It could potentially be likened to a partial cut of the ear—supported by the jurists' general rule: 'even if it is a small amount.' On the other hand, if it is an exceptionally minor cut, it might have no effect on validity. This is explicitly clarified by the juristic exception to the general rule, which states that cutting a tiny piece from a large limb causes no harm. This latter view is more well-founded.
 
Furthermore, I found that some scholars investigated this matter and concluded: 'It should not affect validity if a custom-sanctioned portion of its fat-tail is removed during its youth to make it grow larger and look better, just as castrating a male animal causes no harm.' However, applying this unconditionally contradicts the established texts of the jurists, as understood from what I have laid out; thus, the restriction I specified is what must be relied upon."
 
Similarly, it is mentioned in Nihayat al-Muhtaj (8/135): "If a small piece is cut from the fat-tail to help it grow larger, the most well-founded view is that the sacrifice remains valid, as was given in a formal legal verdict (Fatwa) by my father [Shihab al-Din al-Ramli], may Allah be pleased with him. This is proven by the jurists' maxim: 'The loss of a tiny piece from a large limb causes no harm.'"
 
In cases where there is doubt as to whether the portion cut was large or small, the animal is still deemed valid for sacrifice. It is noted in Hashiyat al-Shubramallisi ‘ala Nihayat al-Muhtaj (Vol.8/P.135):
 
"This matter requires careful consideration, but the closer and more correct view is that it is valid. This is because soundness is the default state for the animal from which the piece was cut, and it aligns with what usually occurs—namely, that the part removed to help the fat-tail grow larger is naturally very small." And Allah the Almighty Knows Best.